Portugal has a predominantly tax-based health system with universal coverage. The National Health Service (NHS) co-exists with health subsystems that provide...

Poland has a health system based on social health insurance (SHI), covering almost all of the resident population. The scope of services covered under...

Since January 2023, the health system in Finland has been organized into 21 Well-being Service Counties (WSC), the city of Helsinki, and the HUS group...

Czechia’s health system provides virtually universal membership and a broad benefits package. Stewardship and the health system policy process are...

Slovenia’s health care system is nearly universally accessible and predominantly publicly owned, with mandatory employment-based social health insurance...

Cyprus introduced a comprehensive General Healthcare System (Geniko Systima Ygeias, GeSY) in June 2019, which provides universal coverage and free access...

The Spanish national health system (SNS) provides virtually universal coverage and a comprehensive benefits package. The SNS is mainly funded from taxes,...

The governance of the German health system is complex and decentralized, involving both the federal and state levels, as well as corporatist bodies of...

Italy has a regionalized National Health Service (Servizio Sanitario Nazionale, SSN), that provides universal coverage to all citizens and legal residents....

The Latvian National Health System serves a population of 1.8 million. Despite near universal population coverage, the benefits package is rather limited...

The Netherlands has a decentralized health system with private insurers and private providers. Nearly all (99.9%) of the Dutch population has access to...

Sweden’s tax-funded health system provides coverage for nearly everyone who lives or works in the country. The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs,...

Health insurance is mandatory in Croatia and covers all residents. No opting out of mandatory health insurance is possible and almost the entire population...

Austria has a complex health system with responsibilities for health system governance divided between the federal and the regional level. Health insurance...

The Maltese national health system is tax-based and offers nearly universal access to its citizens and residents – approximately half a million people...

The French health system combines a social health insurance system with a national health system approach. It provides universal pop­ulation coverage...

The national health system in Norway provides universal coverage for the entire population, with a broad range of services included in the benefit basket....

Luxembourg has a mandatory statutory health insurance (SHI) system for economically active individuals, which also covers their non-earning spouse and...

Estonia has a social health insurance (SHI) system that covers about 94% of the population of 1.3 million, leaving those with temporary or unstable employment...

Bulgaria has a compulsory social health insurance (SHI) scheme, with a single purchaser – the National Health Insurance Fund. Voluntary health insurance...

This Health System Summary is based on the Caribbean Netherlands: Health System Review published in 2024 in the Health Systems in Transition (HiT) Series....

The national health system in Denmark serves around 5.9 million inhabitants. It is mainly tax-funded and organized into three administrative levels: the...

Compulsory social health insurance covers most Belgian residents (99%), who are affiliated to a sickness fund of their choice or to the public auxiliary...

Kyrgyzstan has a single mandatory health insurance system with a defined package of publicly covered services called the State-Guaranteed Benefits...

The United Kingdom has a national health service (NHS) with access based on clinical need, and not ability to pay. All individuals, irrespective...