HPV vaccination was first included in the Estonian national immunization schedule in 2018, offering a two-dose course to girls aged 12–14 years. As of 1 February 2024, three major developments have been introduced to expand the human papillomavirus (HPV) immunization coverage and improve the efficiency of Estonia’s immunization program [1].
Firstly, the eligibility for HPV immunization was expanded to include boys. By the end of 2024, 10,000 boys aged 12–14 (40.8% of the age group) had been vaccinated, a critical period when the vaccine is most effective.
Secondly, the eligible age range for HPV vaccination was extended. Now, all young people aged 12–18 years are eligible for the HPV vaccine. Immunization remains voluntary and requires written parental consent for minors, while 18-year-olds can provide their own consent. In total, 22,000 boys aged 12–18 took the opportunity to protect themselves against HPV-induced cancers in 2024, marking significant progress in expanding preventative care.
Lastly, the HPV vaccination scheme has been simplified and transitioned from a two-dose regimen to a single-dose schedule, in line with the WHO recommendations and practices adopted by several other countries. The only exception is for immunocompromised persons, for whom a three-dose vaccination remains recommended.